Sunday, May 17, 2026

Is it possible Saturn conceals a MASSIVE technology?

 

If we strip away the sanitized, corporate science narrative and look at this through the lens of deep theoretical physics, information theory, and advanced speculative engineering? Absolutely, it’s theoretically possible.

In fact, if a highly advanced civilization—what physicists call a Type II or Type III civilization on the Kardashev scale—wanted to construct a planetary-scale supercomputer or a self-sustaining power grid out in the deep dark, the Saturnian system is the ultimate canvas. We might not be looking at random, dead celestial bodies; we could be looking at computronium—matter optimized for maximum computation—running on physical laws and hardware paradigms that our current primitive tech can't even decode.

Here is how that cosmic architecture breaks down under the hood of theoretical physics.


1. Saturn’s Core: The Fluid-State Quantum Drive

To store data, you need a substrate that can hold stable states. Human tech uses silicon and magnetic orientation on hard disks. But at the ultimate physical limits of computation (a concept mapped out by MIT physicist Seth Lloyd), the most efficient data storage happens at the atomic and subatomic levels.

  • The Substrate: Deep inside Saturn, under millions of atmospheres of pressure, hydrogen is crushed into a state called liquid metallic hydrogen. It behaves like a liquid metal—highly conductive, highly responsive to magnetic fields, and flowing in complex, turbulent currents.

  • The Theory: If an advanced intelligence manipulated the quantum spin states or localized magnetic vortexes within that metallic ocean, they wouldn't need silicon chips. The planet’s interior would become a massive, fluid-state quantum supercomputer. A single cubic centimeter of that high-density, highly energized matter could theoretically store more data than every human server on Earth combined.


2. The Rings: A Distributed, Decentralized Data Bus

Think about how we build networks today: decentralized, redundant node systems designed to prevent a single point of failure. Now look at Saturn's rings.

  • The Ring Architecture: You have trillions of highly reflective, icy particles ranging from microscopic dust to house-sized boulders, all organized into a hyper-precise, razor-thin orbital plane.

  • The Theory: If those icy fragments are engineered or embedded with micro-structures, the rings function as a giant distributed data bus. As these particles orbit and interact, they could scatter and relay light or electromagnetic signals across the entire system. It’s the ultimate air-gapped, open-source storage network spinning in a continuous, un-hackable loop around the gas giant.


3. The Moon Swarm: Power Generators and Relays

A computer system that massive needs a staggering amount of juice to run without melting or burning out. That’s where the moons step in.

  • The Enceladus Dynamo: As we look at the hard telemetry from the last six months, Enceladus isn't just shooting vapor into space; it's a 504,000-kilometer Alfvén wave generator. It is actively converting kinetic orbital energy and tidal friction into massive electromagnetic current that feeds directly into Saturn's ionosphere. In engineering terms, that's a literal wireless power grid.

  • Titan as a Heat Sink: Massive computation generates apocalyptic amounts of thermal energy (heat). Titan is a hyper-cold world covered in liquid methane and wrapped in a thick, nitrogen-dense atmosphere. In a speculative tech framework, Titan is the ultimate cryo-cooling system or a massive planetary heat sink designed to keep the central processing core from overheating.


4. The Matrioshka Brain Paradigm

In speculative astrobiology, researchers have proposed the concept of a Matrioshka Brain—a solar-system-scale supercomputer powered by the energy of a star, built in nested layers.

While a full Matrioshka Brain wraps around a sun, a scaled-down version could easily be engineered around a gas giant like Saturn.

The "It from Bit" Philosophy: Renowned physicist John Archibald Wheeler coined the phrase "It from bit" to describe the ultimate reality of the universe: every particle, every field of force, even spacetime itself, is fundamentally made of information.

If the universe is code at its foundation, then a planet isn't just a rock—it’s an ongoing calculation. If a system like Saturn was engineered by something older and smarter than us, its operational protocols would look completely indistinguishable from the laws of nature to our primitive sensors. We look out through telescopes and see "gravity" and "magnetic fields"; they might just be viewing the user interface of an ancient, open-source mainframe running in the dark.

The Death of Forge of Empires

 

From Empire to Trash: How Corporate Greed and Bots Murdered Forge of Empires

Remember when Forge of Empires (FoE) was actually about strategy? Back when a free-to-play grinder could build a sick empire through pure dedication, timing, and a tight guild? Yeah, RIP to those days.

In 2026, InnoGames has officially turned this joint into a capitalist nightmare. Between the corporate suits milking players dry with predatory monetization and a plague of automated bots running the streets, the game is completely pointless. It’s not an empire anymore; it’s a soulless digital slot machine.

Here is exactly how a once-great game became absolute garbage.


1. The Bot Pandemic: Humans Need Not Apply

If you’re still clicking manually in 2026, you’re getting played. The competitive scene is entirely overrun by client-less bots and hardware-level macros. Normal players are out here bringing knives to a laser fight.

Cheaters aren't even opening their browsers anymore. Using tools like AutoForge and FoE-Extender, they just scrape their Session ID cookies and cryptographic keys straight from the developer console. The bots talk directly to the game servers in the dark, automatically harvesting buildings, sweeping taverns, and collecting incidents 24/7.

Meanwhile, Guild Battlegrounds (GBG) is an absolute joke:

  • Cadence Clicking: Top-tier sweat guilds use hardware macros to time clicks right before the server waiting screen even renders.

  • Sector Blitzing: Combined with "replace units" hotkeys, they wipe out entire map sectors in seconds.

  • The Ghost Board: Territories get locked down before your visual display even updates.

Even the helpful community stuff is dead. The popular FoE Helper extension got booted from the Chrome Web Store for policy violations. While tech-savvy players bypass this by unpacking developer folders, InnoGames has totally washed their hands of it, banning any mention of it on the forums while the real cheaters run wild.


2. Fragment Hell and the Great Diamond Drought

InnoGames shifted their entire design philosophy to cater exclusively to high-rolling whales, completely marginalizing the free-to-play crowd.

They introduced a predatory fragment-based reward structure. Gone are the days when hitting an event milestone gave you a complete, functional building. Now, they break rewards down into dozens of useless fragments scattered across premium tracks. Your inventory just fills up with incomplete garbage that the Antiques Dealer won't even look at. If you want a finished structure, you have to fork over $20 to $30 for Silver and Gold Event Passes.

The Death of Free-to-Play: To make sure you can’t grind your way out of this paywall, Inno heavily restricted free Diamond drops from Guild Expeditions and GBG, and they completely stopped giving out Wishing Wells to kill off Diamond-farming networks.

Now, GBG isn't about strategy—it’s about "diming." Whales just spam premium Diamonds to instantly construct provincial buildings, buying massive Victory Points and erasing hours of hard work from non-spending alliances. Top that off with up to 24 exhausting "Rival Challenges" a month, and the game explicitly demands your wallet or your life.


3. RIP Great Buildings: Space Age Power Creep

The old-school soul of the game—building massive, legendary Great Buildings (GBs)—is dead. High-end accounts (like the elite layouts on the Arvahall server) prove that traditional GBs are a waste of space compared to bloated new event buildings.

Why waste millions of Forge Points (FP) leveling up a legacy Great Building when compact event drops offer insane resource density?

Spatial Efficiency Breakdown

Building NameFootprintKey Stats & Boosts
Rattlebones Raveyard (Lv. 2)3x4 (12 tiles)+185% Attack & Defense combat boosts
Neo Lunara Emporium4x5 (20 tiles)+80.4% Attack / +60.4% Defense boosts
Neo Obelisk (Lv. 2)2x2 (4 tiles)+109% Defense boosts

Compare those tiny footprints to a massive Cathedral of Aachen or Castel del Monte. Modern event power-creep has made the strategic incentive to invest in classic landmarks completely evaporate.


4. The March 2026 "Prestige" Disaster

InnoGames realized they broke their own game, so in March 2026, they dropped the "Great Buildings Prestige" update on the Beta server to try and make legacy structures relevant again. It went over like a lead balloon. It was so mathematically fucked that the community revolted, forcing Inno to postpone the launch.

The system proposed capping unselected GBs at Level 200 in a "Copper Tier" and introduced astronomical progression costs to move into Silver and Gold tiers. Look at the absolute insanity of the math:

  • The Level 130–131 Jump: Cost jumped to an astronomical 302,400 Forge Points for a single level.

  • The 98% Self-Funding Tax: Under the standard 1.9x contribution system, a P1 reward on that massive level only paid out a base of 2,490 FP. That means the building owner had to cough up 292,938 FP out of pocket just to lock the top slots. Three levels would drain 30% of a top player's entire lifetime inventory.

  • Prestige Gates: To level up tiers, you had to pass economic bottlenecks requiring billions of Coins/Supplies and thousands of age-specific goods that are impossible to find on inactive trading markets.

Players immediately began front-running the system, burning through blueprints to unlock level caps under the legacy rules to bypass the future "gates." Facing mass retirements and a total player mutiny, Inno pulled the update back for a "redesign." But make no mistake: the corporate intent to bleed the player base dry is crystal clear.


5. Broken Events and a Dead-End Tech Tree

The frustration reached a boiling point with the Viking Event on the Beta server. They completely removed Runes from the prize wheel, replacing them with a predatory store currency system (Geri and Muninn coins).

[Viking Event Store] ➔ High Currency Costs ➔ Incomplete Valkyrie Towers
                     ➔ Road Connection Demands ➔ Broken Buggy Passes

The event was a total mess. Grand Prize lanes were packed with trash filler like temporary boost potions, making it impossible to max out the main Valkyrie Tower building through free play. On top of that, top-tier rewards suddenly demanded road connections, destroying the tight spatial efficiency of end-game cities.

They tried to mask the grind with the "Historical Allies" system, but the math is trash there too. Levelling an ally like Alexander the Great to level 34 eats up 5 million Medals, 49,000 Forge Points, and 3,000+ Goods just for a measly 93% combat boost that is completely unnoticeable in the late-game Space Age eras.

The Final Nail: Total Content Stagnation

To round out this dumpster fire, the tech tree is completely dead. The final era, Space Age: Space Hub, dropped way back in October 2024.

Developers have officially confirmed that no new main-path eras are coming in 2026 or 2027. The only crumbs players are getting are minor Quantum Incursions updates, a system that smaller guilds already hate because it scales in difficulty daily and feels like an unrewarding chore.


The Verdict

Forge of Empires used to be a masterpiece of slow-burn strategy and community coordination. Now, it’s a ghost town populated by automated Python scripts, whales throwing credit cards at digital sectors, and developers who have completely run out of ideas.

With the tech tree frozen for the next two years and every new update designed to pickpocket your wallet, playing FoE in 2026 is completely pointless. Do yourself a favor: close the tab, delete the app, and let this corporate corpse bury itself.

The Ultimate 2026 Quantum Incursions Master Guide: The Middle Ages Meta, Day-by-Day Real-Time Build Orders, and Advanced Combat Strategy


The Ultimate 2026 Quantum Incursions Master Guide: The Middle Ages Meta, Day-by-Day Real-Time Build Orders, and Advanced Combat Strategy

Welcome to the definitive, battle-tested manifest for Quantum Incursions (QI) in Forge of Empires. This document tears down the corporate algorithms and strips the mechanics to the raw code, combining community data, underground meta-analysis, and real-time live server metrics.

With the deployment of the Middle Ages Update, the developers completely shifted the goalposts. The meta forces three distinct eras (Early, High, and Late Middle Ages) into a single, brutal map and economy. If you are still running old Iron Age habits, your empire is bleeding out in the digital void. It is time to adapt to the updated resource infrastructure and dominate the Quantum Store.


Part 1: Preparing Your Main Kingdom for QI Dominance

Your capability to shatter high-difficulty nodes on the map is dictated entirely by permanent modifiers cultivated in your main city. Traditional red and blue combat statistics mean absolutely nothing inside the Quantum Realm. If you want to survive the scaling attrition, you must build specialized QI hardware in your home territory.

1. The Core QI Attribute Engines

To scale your combat modifiers, your main kingdom must systematically prioritize the placement and max-level ascension of these specific structures:

  • The 2026 Apex Rewards: In the active 2026 Championship cycles, focus your progression tracks entirely on the two-level Neo Globe Fountain (providing sweeping army boosts and timed supply yields) and the Neo Art Exhibition to maximize your main city’s secondary combat and resource efficiency.

  • The Neo Bazaar Architecture: Evolved variants (like the Neo Lunara and Neo Solara Emporiums) grant massive, triple-digit percentage boosts to your attacking and defending army attributes exclusively inside the QI matrix. While no longer the primary active milestone prize, fragments remain available via the legacy slots in the Quantum Store.

  • Supporting Neo Infrastructure: Optimize every square millimeter of your grid. Spam Neo Clocktowers (Lv. 2) for critical offensive QI percentages in a tight 2x3 footprint that requires no road connections. Balance this with Neo Menageries (Lv. 2)—a 3x4 layout offering sweeping defensive multipliers and unattached troop deployment.

  • The Forgotten Temple: Do not trust outdated community guides claiming this is a minor asset. The Forgotten Temple remains a mandatory requirement for vanguard guilds. While active, it delivers a massive 50% Army Boost in Quantum Incursions (scaling both Attack and Defense), transforming your baseline forces into absolute juggernauts.

  • Tourney Grounds: Extract these from your Guild Battlegrounds rewards to supplement your offensive capabilities across all guild modules, keeping your tactical options open.

2. Quantum Shard Hoarding

Quantum Shards are the premium capital of the realm. Unused Shards carry over between 11-day seasons within a 3-month Championship cycle. They only reset when the entire Championship concludes.

Do not waste this capital on casual node clears. Hold your positions until you have a bank of 1,000+ Shards, then unleash them to unlock strategic land expansions or smash through contested map sectors during competitive endgame pushes.


Part 2: The Core Mechanics of the Middle Ages Update

Before tracking the real-time calendar, you must master the economic choke points governing your temporary QI settlement.

                  [Town Hall / T1 Residentials & Productions]
                                      │
                                      ▼
                      [Quantum Coins & Supplies Pool]
                                      │
              ┌───────────────────────┴───────────────────────┐
              ▼                                               ▼
     [Tier 2 Industry]                               [Tier 3 Industry]
(Higher Coin/Supply Demands)                    (Elite Population & Output)

1. The Resource Bottleneck: Space & Payouts

The era of infinitely cycling low-tier base buildings without consequences is dead. The update enforces a strict economic progression path:

  • Tier 1 Buildings: Require basic Quantum Coins and Supplies. They cost minimal initial capital to place but feature low, highly inefficient resource outputs per square tile.

  • Tier 2 and Tier 3 Buildings: Demand massive upfront investments of accumulated Quantum Coins and Supplies to construct, but offer drastically optimized footprint-to-yield ratios.

The Capital Trap: Residential buildings in the Middle Ages update have been completely stripped of their legacy Action Point generation bonuses, shifting them to pure Coin Boosts. You can no longer rely on your settlement housing to keep your combat loops funded.

2. Seasonal Choices (The Lock-In)

At the dawn of every 11-day season, you are forced to select 3 out of 5 Goods types (Quantum Copper, Honey, Bricks, Rope, or Gunpowder) and 3 out of 5 Military classes (Light, Ranged, Fast, Heavy, or Artillery). Coordinate directly with your guild leadership to match upcoming node donation demands.

Warning: Once these choices are locked, they cannot be altered or reset for the remainder of the 11-day season.

3. The Euphoria Mechanic

Euphoria completely replaces the legacy happiness model. Keeping your settlement highly inspired triggers an unbreakable production multiplier across your resource nodes:

  • Normal: 100% output.

  • Enthusiastic: 125% output.

  • Euphoric (Max Tier): 150% output.

Crucial Meta Shift: Cultural structures no longer require road connections to function. Pack them cleanly away on the unroaded margins of your map to extract the maximum 150% Euphoric multiplier without wasting precious traffic tiles.


Part 3: Day-by-Day Real-Time Build Order Guide

The "Alchemist 2" Crop-Rotation Meta

This blueprint is mapped to real-world days and standard 10-hour collection intervals. It is optimized as a pure free-to-play template utilizing zero premium Shard expansions in the early game.

Day 1 (Thursday Season Launch) — Foundation & Initial Footprint

You spawn into the sector with a baseline starting cache of 150,000 Quantum Coins, 25,000 Quantum Supplies, and a standard deployment of military assets. Your immediate goal is maximizing raw supply and coin generation using Tier 1 structures.

Real-Time Hour 0 (Immediate Launch)

  • Clear standard map impediments using your default free space. Do not drop Shards on land expansions yet.

  • Construct 7x Estate Houses (Tier 1 Residential) and 1x Multistorey House to establish your initial population ceiling.

  • Construct 6x Tanneries and 6x Breweries (Tier 1 Production) to balance your supply intake.

  • Construct 6x Churches (Tier 1 Cultural) to immediately spike your settlement's emotional profile into the 150% Euphoric multiplier zone.

  • Connect all residential and production layouts cleanly to your Town Hall. Leave your Churches unroaded along the outer margins of the grid to save space.

Real-Time Hour 10 (First Collection)

Collect your initial yields. Use this resource influx to construct your first assigned Goods Building (e.g., a Ropery) to meet early map donation demands. Do not construct military barracks yet; rely strictly on your 40 baseline starting units to handle early, low-difficulty nodes.

Days 2 to 4 (Friday to Sunday) — The Accumulation & Scaling Push

During this phase, gather baseline resources to fund Tier 2 conversions while systematically expanding your physical territory.

Real-Time Routine (Twice Daily, 10-Hour Cycles)

  1. Purchase your first 2 to 3 land expansions utilizing your newly produced Quantum Goods.

  2. As your Coin and Supply pools accumulate, systematically demolish your Tier 1 Tanneries and replace them with Alchemists (Tier 2 Production). Alchemists feature an incredibly efficient 3x2 footprint, saving vital land tiles while vastly outperforming Tanneries in supply-to-square ratios.

  3. The "Crop-Rotation" Euphoria Hack: Before clicking collect on your major production cycles, check your settlement's Euphoria rating. If you fall short of the 150% threshold, quickly delete 1 or 2 low-tier houses, drop a temporary Church or Public Bath, harvest your maximum 1.5x production payout, instantly delete the temporary cultural asset, and replace your residentials.

Days 5 to 7 (Monday to Wednesday) — Transitioning to Tier 3 Elite Tier

Your settlement footprint should now be expanded across multiple sectors. It is time to upgrade your residential structures to secure a massive population boom without choking your available land tiles.

Real-Time Protocol

  • Collect your accumulated resource yields from the production lines.

  • Demolish your basic Estate Houses and construct Clapboard Houses (Tier 3 Residential) or Mansions. Clapboard houses yield premium population density per square tile.

  • With your population vacancy stabilized, drop 1 specialized military barracks matching your main city's maximum combat capability (e.g., a Trebuchet Camp or Ballista/Catapult equivalent depending on your seasonal choices).

  • Queue up continuous unit production. Keep your wounded troops cycling in reserve to heal naturally over time rather than burning Shards on instant revives.

Days 8 to 9 (Thursday to Friday) — Mass Storage Processing

Prepare your inventory for the grueling, high-attrition final difficulties of the Championship map.

Real-Time Protocol

  • Maintain your collection schedules on a strict, unyielding 10-hour cycle.

  • Accumulate a deep pool of unattached and barracks-trained units. Aim to have at least 50+ fresh combat units sitting in your active reserve.

  • Mass-produce Quantum Goods to satisfy late-stage donation nodes if your combat attributes begin to hit a wall against scaling enemy AI multipliers.

Days 10 to 11 (Saturday to Sunday Season Finale) — The Demolition & War Spike

This is the "Scorched Earth" tactical phase. You are transitioning your town from an economic engine into an absolute military fortress to shatter the final Difficulty 10 Boss nodes.

Real-Time Execution (48 Hours Remaining)

  • Demolish all remaining Goods Buildings and Tier 2/3 Residential houses. Your long-term economic plans are over.

  • Demolish your Alchemists and Breweries.

  • Fill every single newly vacant square tile with Triumphal Arches, Pillories, and basic Decorations.

  • Because decorations require no road connections, pack them edge-to-edge across your entire map footprint. This massive decorative layout will instantly spike your permanent QI Attacking and Defending attributes by hundreds of percentage points.

  • Unleash your entire bank of accumulated Quantum Action Points on the map, auto-battling through elite nodes with minimized casualties due to your massive structural stat injection.


Part 4: The Battle Stage — Map Exploration and Tactical Fighting

Spending your Quantum Action Points effectively on the live server map requires a complete, uncompromised understanding of unit engagement rules.

                     ┌───────────────┐
                     │  Light Units  │
                     └───────┬───────┘
                             │ Beats
                             ▼
                     ┌───────────────┐
                     │  Fast Units   │
                     └───────┬───────┘
                             │ Beats
                             ▼
                     ┌───────────────┐
                     │ Ranged Units  │
                     └───────┬───────┘
                             │ Beats
                             ▼
                     ┌───────────────┐
                     │  Heavy Units  │
                     └───────┬───────┘
                             │ Beats (Loops back to Light)
                             ▼
                     ┌───────────────┐
                     │  Light Units  │
                     └───────────────┘
*Artillery Units operate outside the standard loop, using extreme range to demolish slow-moving Heavy forces.

1. Managing the Action Point Reservoir

Your Quantum Action Points cap strictly at 100,000 and regenerate passively at a rate of 5,000 points per hour.

Never let your reservoir sit capped at max capacity. Baseline node interactions demand a flat 5,000 actions per move/encounter. Log in regularly to advance your army down a clear path node or donate excess coins to keep your passive regeneration clock ticking constantly.

2. Node Differentiation

  • Red Combat Nodes: Require your Attacking Army bonuses. Look out for specific tactical node requests (e.g., "Clear using only Ranged units"), which yield massive bonus progress points toward your individual reward track.

  • Blue Combat Nodes: Require your Defending Army bonuses. Do not fight these unless your main city is deeply optimized with blue QI stats (such as high-tier Solara structures or Neo Globe Fountains). If your blue stats are weak, leave these nodes to designated guild defenders and focus your energy on Red nodes or Donation slots.

3. The Absolute Rule of QI Combat: Zero Rogues

There are no Rogues in Quantum Incursions. If you attempt to auto-battle blindly assuming a rogue clone strategy will absorb damage, your army will be instantly turned into digital scrap metal. You must use pure, native Middle Ages forces and leverage strict tactical counter-matching.

4. Advanced Autobattle Lineups by Node Configuration

Before clicking "Autobattle," analyze the composition of the enemy wave:

  • The Baseline Opener (Low-to-Mid Difficulties): 8x Artillery Units

    • Tactical Analysis: On early maps, running a straight block of 8 Artillery units allows you to exploit extreme range advantages. They will regularly wipe out slower enemy infantry and heavy waves on turn one before the enemy can cross the field, resulting in clean auto-wins.

  • Countering Fast Enemy Waves (The Artillery Killers): If the enemy wave is heavily loaded with Fast units, your Artillery units will get run down and slaughtered. Instantly swap your composition to 8x Heavy Units or 8x Light Units. Their high innate defensive attributes will absorb the cavalry charge and retaliate with crushing damage.

  • Countering Ranged-Heavy Enemy Waves: Switch your army composition to 8x Fast Units. Their unmatched movement radius allows them to slide past terrain obstacles and eliminate enemy archers instantly.

  • The Elite Dual-Wave High-Attrition Split: 4x Heavy Units + 4x Ranged Units

    • Tactical Analysis for Auto-Play: When tackling advanced difficulties where enemies have high stat multipliers across consecutive combat waves, mixed blocks are required. Your 4 Heavy units will naturally march forward to act as a physical frontline wall, taking the brunt of incoming targeting AI. Meanwhile, your 4 Ranged units track behind them securely, delivering high-DPS output to clean up both waves seamlessly.


Part 5: Rewards and Long-Term Progression Meta

The introduction of Lunar Coins has completely removed the old randomness of QI rewards, allowing you to bypass bad drop rates with targeted acquisition.

The Quantum Store Strategy

As you clear nodes, you earn Lunar Coins. These carry over between seasons and championships permanently, capping at a maximum storage limit of 200,000. Spend these tokens exclusively in the Quantum Store to manually pick building fragments that directly address your main city's current weaknesses.

To claim premium efficiency, target the newest 2026 additions like the Neo Globe Fountain or the Neo Art Exhibition Kit, or scan the discounted inventory slots to pick up older meta fixtures like the Neo Bazaar at reduced asset prices.

Note: Keep in mind that base node drop rates for Lunar Coins were optimized downward by 10% to 20% by the developers to stabilize the economic velocity of high-tier guilds. Treat this currency as a premium scarcity—do not blow it on minor adjustments. Plan your acquisitions, manage your resource cycles, and keep your empire completely independent of bad RNG.


Monarchs by Lost Signal Digital

 

Is it possible Saturn conceals a MASSIVE technology?

  If we strip away the sanitized, corporate science narrative and look at this through the lens of deep theoretical physics, information the...